CNC fabrication uses a large number of technical terms related to machining, tooling, digital design, and manufacturing workflows. Understanding this terminology makes it easier to work with CAD, CAM, CNC Routing, Laser Cutting, and fabrication systems.
This page introduces some of the most common CNC fabrication terms used in digital manufacturing workflows.
CAD
CAD stands for Computer-Aided Design.
CAD software is used to create digital geometry, technical drawings, and fabrication-ready models.
CAM
CAM stands for Computer-Aided Manufacturing.
CAM software converts geometry into machining operations and machine instructions.
Toolpath
A Toolpath is the digitally generated movement path followed by a CNC machine during fabrication.
Toolpaths define:
- cutting direction
- machining order
- cutting depth
- movement behavior
G-code
G-code is the machine language used by many CNC systems.
It contains instructions for:
- axis movement
- spindle control
- feed rates
- machining operations
Feed Rate
Feed rate is the speed at which the cutting tool moves through material.
Feed rates strongly affect:
- cut quality
- machining time
- tool wear
- surface finish
Spindle Speed
Spindle speed refers to the rotational speed of the cutting tool, usually measured in RPM.
Incorrect spindle speeds may cause burning, chatter, or poor cutting performance.
Kerf
Kerf is the width of material removed during cutting.
Kerf size depends on:
- tool diameter
- laser width
- cutting conditions
- material behavior
Accurate kerf compensation improves dimensional precision.
Tolerance
Tolerance refers to acceptable dimensional variation in manufactured parts.
Tolerance management is especially important for:
- friction-fit systems
- slot-fit assemblies
- modular fabrication
Pocketing
Pocketing is a machining operation that removes material inside a defined area without cutting through the entire sheet.
It is commonly used for:
- recessed geometry
- joinery
- mounting areas
- engraving effects
Profile Cutting
Profile cutting follows the outer contour of a part to separate it from the surrounding material.
This is one of the most common CNC operations.
Step-over
Step-over is the horizontal distance between adjacent machining passes.
It affects:
- machining time
- surface finish
- tool load
Depth of Cut
Depth of cut defines how much material is removed vertically during a machining pass.
Large depths may increase tool stress and vibration.
Tabs
Tabs are small uncut bridges that hold parts in place during machining.
They help prevent parts from moving during cutting.
Nesting
Nesting is the process of arranging parts efficiently on a material sheet to reduce waste.
Efficient nesting improves material yield and production efficiency.
Zero Point
The zero point is the machine reference location used to define the machining coordinate system.
Incorrect zero setup may cause major machining errors.
Workholding
Workholding refers to the methods used to secure material during machining.
Common systems include:
- clamps
- screws
- vacuum tables
- double-sided tape
Stable workholding improves machining accuracy and safety.
Chatter
Chatter is unwanted vibration during machining.
It may cause:
- rough surfaces
- noise
- dimensional inaccuracies
- tool wear
Machine rigidity and cutting parameters strongly affect chatter.
Deburring
Deburring is the process of removing sharp edges or leftover material after machining.
It improves safety and surface quality.
Common File Formats
CNC fabrication workflows commonly use:
These formats support digital manufacturing workflows.