Computer-Aided Design (CAD) is the use of computer software to create, modify, and manage digital geometry for manufacturing, engineering, architecture, and fabrication. CAD systems are widely used in Digital Fabrication, CNC Routing, 3D Printing, industrial design, and product development.
CAD models are commonly used as the starting point for CAM workflows and machine production processes. Geometry created in CAD software can be exported into fabrication-ready file formats such as DXF, STL, STEP, and SVG.
What Is CAD?
CAD refers to software-based drafting and modeling systems used to replace or enhance traditional manual drawing methods. CAD software allows users to create highly accurate geometry while maintaining editable digital design data.
CAD systems support both two-dimensional and three-dimensional workflows. Modern fabrication pipelines often combine CAD, simulation, and manufacturing preparation within a unified digital workflow.
Types of CAD
2D CAD
2D CAD focuses on flat vector-based drafting and technical drawing.
Common applications include:
- technical documentation
- laser cutting layouts
- floor plans
- CNC vector cutting
- fabrication drawings
2D CAD files are commonly exported as DXF or SVG files.
3D CAD
3D CAD systems create volumetric digital models representing physical objects.
These systems are commonly used for:
- product design
- mechanical engineering
- furniture design
- assembly modeling
- additive manufacturing
3D CAD geometry is commonly exported into formats such as STL, OBJ, and STEP.
CAD in Digital Fabrication
CAD plays a central role in modern fabrication workflows. Most digital manufacturing systems begin with CAD geometry.
A typical fabrication workflow includes:
- Creating geometry in CAD software
- Defining dimensions and constraints
- Exporting fabrication-ready files
- Processing geometry in CAM software
- Manufacturing the part using a machine such as a CNC Router or 3D Printer
CAD systems may also contain information related to:
- dimensions
- assemblies
- tolerances
- material assignments
- fabrication constraints
Parametric CAD
Many modern CAD systems support parametric design workflows.
Parametric modeling defines geometry through editable parameters and relationships. When one parameter changes, connected geometry updates automatically.
This approach is widely used in:
- modular furniture
- configurable products
- generative design
- mass customization
- automated fabrication systems
Parametric workflows are common in software such as Fusion 360, SolidWorks, and Grasshopper.
CAD and Manufacturing Accuracy
CAD systems can define exact digital dimensions, but physical manufacturing processes still introduce variation.
Important related concepts include:
Manufacturing limitations must be considered during the design process to ensure correct fit and assembly.
Common CAD File Formats
| Format | Primary use | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| STL | 3D printing | Mesh-based geometry |
| STEP | Engineering exchange | Preserves solid geometry |
| DXF | 2D vector exchange | Common in CNC workflows |
| SVG | Vector graphics | Common in laser cutting |
| OBJ | 3D mesh exchange | Supports texture data |
Common CAD Software
| Software | Typical use | Category |
|---|---|---|
| Fusion 360 | Integrated CAD/CAM | Mechanical design |
| SolidWorks | Engineering design | Parametric CAD |
| Rhino | Surface modeling | Industrial design |
| Blender | Polygon modeling | Artistic modeling |
| AutoCAD | Technical drafting | 2D CAD |
See also
- CAM
- Toolpath
- Tolerance
- Kerf
- Fusion 360
- DXF
- STL
- Digital Fabrication